Anaphylaxis or severe allergic reaction

Food, medications and venom from stings such as bee stings are the most likely culprits. Food allergies are the most common trigger in children, with the highest risk to those in their teens and up to 30. Peanuts, tree nuts and cow’s milk protein are the most likely causes although sometimes no cause is ever identified – this is called idiopathic anaphylaxis.

Adults are more likely to suffer from medication-related anaphylaxis, such as from anesthetics (drugs that put you to sleep), chemotherapy drugs, painkillers and some antibiotics such as penicillin.

Venom, particularly from bees, is a common cause of anaphylaxis and related deaths.

Initially you may feel very unwell, notice flushing on your face, big red or pale blotches on the skin known as urticaria or hives, and you may develop angioedema, where your eyelids, lips and tongue swell up. You may go pale, your fingers and toes may feel cold or clammy, you may develop a cough, nausea and vomiting, and a racing heartbeat. You may also have a feeling of disorientation, confusion or impending doom, which can happen with the sudden blood pressure drop caused by anaphylaxis.

If the reaction progresses you may feel your throat is closing and that breathing and swallowing is difficult, with rapid shallow breaths that sound wheezy or high-pitched when you try to breathe in.

You may quickly recognize that this could be anaphylaxis: the person has known allergies and has just been exposed, they’ve had this before, they’re wearing a Medic Alert bracelet with information about their allergies, they have severe asthma, or they have any sudden lip swelling or breathing difficulties. In this case, call 911 for an ambulance immediately.

Talk to them calmly, telling them what you are doing at each step. Make sure they are sitting or lying down in a safe place - they may feel they can breathe more easily sitting upright, alternatively lie them down flat and raise their legs higher than their heart. If they are pregnant, lie them on their left-hand side.

Keep talking to them reassuringly until help arrives. Don’t ask them to answer questions, as they need to concentrate on staying calm and concentrating on regular rhythmic breathing.

If they lose consciousness at any point, and their breathing or heartbeat stops, you should update the ambulance call handler and start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if you feel confident to do so. If not, the call handler will talk you through some steps until help arrives.

An allergic reaction is ultimately treated with epinephrine (adrenaline), given as an injection, and the ambulance crew will have this at the ready.

Even if someone recovers spontaneously from a severe allergic reaction, they should still go to the emergency department to get checked out. The emergency department or their doctor may consider referring them to an allergy clinic, as they may need tests to confirm their allergies and advice on how to avoid them in the future.

Some people are given an EpiPen, which is epinephrine carried everywhere with them and designed to be administered whenever someone feels an allergic reaction coming on, or they know they have eaten or been in contact with a known allergen. Wearing a Medic Alert bracelet is also a good idea to let people know you have this condition, and make sure your doctor has any medication allergies as an alert on your record.

If your child is at risk, it may help your confidence to take a local first aid course or life support training.