Anterior cruciate ligament injury

You should apply ice as soon as possible after any knee injury and elevate the knee to reduce swelling. In the first few days, you should avoid playing sports and simply rest it to avoid further injury, while seeking specialist input.

You can take over-the-counter pain relief to help with any pain. Avoid pressing or testing the knee and also avoid using heat on it (such as a hot compress) in the early stages.

In the longer term, you want to get the muscles around the knee moving and staying strong to support it, but this will need specialist advice on your road to recovery.

For pain relief relating to an ACL injury, a sensible stepwise approach is to take one or two acetaminophen tablets up to four times daily (ideally leaving a 4 to 6 hour interval between doses). Acetaminophen is generally well-tolerated and safe for most (unless for example, you have a severe liver problem).

The addition of an anti-inflammatory such as ibuprofen will bring down swelling and provide additional pain relief. Take 200 mg to 400 mg regularly three times a day for a few days, which will allow for a reduction in inflammation to relieve swelling and pain.

Ibuprofen is known to cause irritation to the stomach lining, so it's best to take ibuprofen with food. You should speak to your doctor or pharmacist before taking ibuprofen if you are taking any other medicines, particularly blood pressure or stroke prevention medicines, if you have kidney disease, you are pregnant, or you have previously had a gastric ulcer.

Knee supports with braces can help to provide stability around the knee joint, as well as mild compression and warmth to the joint. These may be helpful to prevent further injury caused by unstable rotation or weight-bearing movement of the knee joint.

If in doubt about any medicines or appliances, or the suitability for you specifically, please speak to your local pharmacist, sports therapist or doctor.

You should get an urgent doctor's appointment, or go to an urgent care center, if you think you have injured your ACL.

The doctor will ask what happened and about your symptoms and will examine your knee. They may send you for an X-ray or MRI (or both). Anterior cruciate ligament injuries can often occur alongside other damage to your knee, so this is why an X-ray or MRI can be useful.

Treatment for an ACL injury can be divided into two categories of either non-surgical treatments or surgery. Which is recommended depends on the severity of the injury and an individual's activity levels prior to injury.

Non-surgical options include wearing a knee brace and off-loading the knee by using crutches to allow healing. This will entail directed physiotherapy to help strengthen the supporting structures of the knee. This is appropriate in very mild (Grade 1) ligament injuries or in people not needing to be very active.

Surgery involves reconstructing the ligament. This ultimately provides the most support for the knee, so is appropriate if someone wants to get back to a high level of exercise or sport, even with Grade 2. It is usually required in a complete tear of the ACL (Grade 3).

Your doctor will assess whether you are fit for work depending on the nature of your job. You may be able to return to work with altered duties.